Building verifiable, decentralised AI for the world: Inside NTU and Zero Gravity’s ambitious new research partnership

How verifiable AI works in practice

Dr Wu describes verifiable AI as a supply chain for data and intelligence. Every piece of training data is cryptographically hashed and stored on chain. The model parameters and weights are also registered. Each inference request and its output are then recorded in a privacy-preserving way.

“This creates an unbroken, auditable evidence trail,” he says. For users, it means confidence that an answer has not been tampered with. For regulators, it allows audits of whether a model was trained on biased data. For developers, it means an AI agent can be trusted because its history is verifiable.

This flips AI from a “trust me” paradigm to a “verify me” one.

Why blockchain still matters for AI

Some argue blockchain’s hype has faded. Heinrich disagrees. For him, the end of the hype cycle is an advantage. “Blockchain is not exciting because it is blockchain. It is exciting because of what you can build on top of it,” he says.

He rejects the misconception that blockchain is only for finance. “That is like saying the internet was just for email.” He sees blockchain as the natural substrate for global coordination and verification, something AI urgently needs.

Without this neutral layer, AI recentralises around whichever entity owns the most servers, which undermines accountability. A decentralised ledger ensures enforceable provenance and public verifiability, both of which Heinrich believes are essential for future AI infrastructure. 

If every AI action is recorded on a ledger, who controls it? Dr Wu says the answer lies in the network design. “The ledger is validated by a decentralised community of node operators,” he explains. There are two safeguards: permissionless participation and incentive alignment.

0G’s system uses distinct roles such as data attesters, compute providers, and verifiers. These roles cross-check each other and can be penalised for dishonesty. “No single actor has root control,” he adds. 

NTU is exploring additional models like multi-layer consensus and verifiable computation proofs to ensure integrity is woven directly into the system’s fabric, Associate Professor Zhang added.

Balancing transparency with privacy

Dr Wu stresses that transparency does not require exposing sensitive information. Instead, the hub focuses on proving computation without revealing the underlying data.

Techniques like commit-and-prove, differential privacy, secure enclaves, and cryptographic proofs allow systems to show that a model was trained responsibly, even if the dataset is private. “You verify the computation on chain while the underlying data remains protected,” he explains. 

Blockchain has long been criticised for being slow and energy-intensive. Dr Wu acknowledges these constraints but points out that 0G’s modular design avoids them by splitting execution, consensus, and data availability into specialised layers. The heavy lifting happens off chain through specialised compute networks. Proofs then return the validated results to the ledger.

This allows the network to achieve Web2-level performance with Web3-level security, targeting more than eleven thousand transactions per second per shard. “Energy goes into useful work, not pointless hashing,” Dr Wu says. 

This meant that Web2 referred to the traditional system without blockchain or decentralisation while Web3 referred to systems that employ blockchain technologies to enable decentralisation. “In general, centralised systems more easily achieve high efficiency and scalability. 0G’s technology allows decentralised systems to reach performance levels on par with centralised systems,” he explained.

Giving global developers access to big-tech-level AI compute

One of Heinrich’s goals is to democratise compute access. In the current landscape, start-ups are largely constrained to a few cloud giants. 0G’s decentralised network aims to create a competitive market where anyone with spare compute, from a data centre to an individual with a strong GPU, can provide it.

This would allow a developer anywhere in the world to access the same power as a major company, paying only for what they use. “It compresses the cost of accessing AI from raise a Series B to fund a weekend hackathon,” Heinrich says.

A strong alignment with Singapore’s priorities

Singapore has long prioritised digital trust, data sovereignty, and safe innovation. Heinrich sees decentralised AI as a natural extension of these goals. “Decentralised AI operationalises digital trust,” he says. “You prove compliance, rather than simply assert it.”

Associate Professor Zhang agrees, noting that Singapore’s regulatory environment and research strengths position it well to set global standards for open AI governance.

The research hub is focusing on several core areas:

• Training optimisation for decentralised models with more than 100 billion parameters
• Model alignment methodologies that embed human values directly into decentralised systems
• Developing Proof-of-Useful-Work as a real consensus mechanism
• Multi-agent blockchain systems for smart contract management and anomaly detection
• A unified theory that maps out token utility, verifiability, and energy cost to create sustainable systems

The collaboration is not only about infrastructure but also about people. NTU expects hundreds of Master’s students to participate over the next few years. They will work directly on live research problems, open-source projects, and prototype deployments.

The goal is to nurture a generation fluent in both AI and blockchain thinking, capable of designing systems that are transparent, auditable, and secure. 

Associate Professor Zhang stressed that even with a fast-moving industry partner, academic freedom and ethical integrity remain central. All research will follow NTU’s ethics frameworks, prioritise open science, and embed fairness and accountability as core principles, he said.

Looking forward, Heinrich hopes the collaboration will help establish verifiable, decentralised AI as a global standard. “Our ultimate achievement will not be a single application,” he says. “It will be the creation of an ecosystem where the world can build and trust AI as a public good, not a private weapon.” NTU shares that ambition, with Dr Wu saying that if the hub succeeds, it could help redefine how AI systems are designed, verified, and governed across the world.