Singapore haze lasts 12 days, longest since 2015

SINGAPORE – Singapore has registered unhealthy Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) readings daily since Oct 5 – making this 12-day period the longest continuous stretch of poor air quality the country has had to endure since the 2015 haze crisis.

That year, Singapore experienced a 14-day stretch of bad air between Sept 23 and Oct 7, The Straits Times checks on historical 24-hour PSI readings on government data portal Singstat showed.

In comparison, during the haze episodes in 2019 and 2023, Singapore experienced shorter stretches of unhealthy air, with each lasting a couple of days.

A day is considered to have unhealthy air quality when the PSI reading at any point in the day exceeds 100 in any part of Singapore. 

Singapore’s PSI has five bands – good (0-50), moderate (51-100), unhealthy (101-200), very unhealthy (201-300) and hazardous (>300).

Based on the health advisories pegged to PSI readings, healthy people should scale down normal activities once PSI readings hit 101 and above.

When air quality is considered very unhealthy, people with no health issues should avoid prolonged or strenuous outdoor physical activity. At hazardous levels, healthy people should minimise outdoor activities.

Singapore’s air quality index breached hazardous levels in 2015, with readings above 300.

In 2026, air quality has so far reached very unhealthy levels.

The PSI first entered this range at 9pm on Oct 14, with a PSI reading of 203 in the western region of Singapore.

Very unhealthy air quality has persisted, and the PSI in central Singapore was 226 at 8am.

Worsening air conditions have prompted the Government to launch new relief measures.

Community clubs (CCs) across Singapore on Oct 14 began distributing N95 masks to eligible Singaporeans, including Pioneer and Merdeka Generation seniors, lower-income families, pregnant women, children and asthma patients.

Air-conditioned rooms at CCs were also opened as public haze shelters for people needing respite from the unhealthy air.

El Nino haze years

The haze episodes in 2015 and 2026 were worsened by strong El Nino events.

This weather phenomenon is associated with drier, hotter weather in equatorial ASEAN countries, including Indonesia, which causes the forest and plantation fires there to spiral out of control.

So far in 2026, Singapore has endured almost six weeks of hazy conditions.

Air quality first entered the unhealthy range on Sept 4, and Singapore has since been plagued by periodic bouts of poor air quality. The current stretch of bad air is the longest so far.

The overall haze duration in 2026 so far is also similar to the 2015 episode, with hazy conditions affecting Singapore for about six weeks then.

The historical PSI data showed that the Republic started experiencing bouts of haze from Sept 10, when unhealthy air quality was first registered, to Oct 28. Air quality improved and was in the moderate range from Oct 29, 2015.

Impacts of unhealthy air

Hazy conditions can impact human health.

On Oct 13, The Straits Times reported that there has been a spike in visits to clinics and emergency rooms due to haze-related health issues.

The Ministry of Health did not cite figures, but said it was not aware of any cases requiring intensive care unit admission or any mortalities due to the haze.

General practitioners and telemedicine providers say they have seen a 20% to 30% increase in patients with symptoms that are linked to the haze. These include runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, conjunctivitis and eye irritation, asthma, skin rashes and respiratory issues.

PM2.5 – particulate matter no bigger than 2.5 microns in diameter, smaller than the width of a strand of hair – is one of the six pollutants measured in the PSI, and is the dominant toxin during periods of transboundary haze.

It is an ultra-fine pollutant that can penetrate deep into human lungs.

Past studies have shown that regular long-term exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to increased risk of death from heart and lung complications such as lung cancer or heart disease.

But a local study published on Sept 28 in the medical journal JAMA Network Open found that even shorter-term exposure could also be linked to more emergency room visits.

It was conducted by researchers from Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore General Hospital, the University of Miami and Duke University.

The study had linked small spikes in fine-particle air pollution to an increase in emergency department visits in Singapore for asthma and chronic respiratory disease just a few days later.

New petition launched

On Oct 16, environmental organisations PM.Haze (People’s Movement to Stop Haze) and SG Climate Rally launched an online petition calling on the Singapore Government to use the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act to investigate and prosecute companies causing the haze.

They also urged the authorities to update the public on previous and ongoing investigations under the law, as investigations into four companies due to the haze crisis in 2015 remain open.

This comes after Prime Minister Lawrence Wong on Oct 15 said Singapore will take action under its Transboundary Haze Pollution Act where warranted, and also explore joint action with other countries.

Singapore is looking into which companies may be responsible for haze-causing fires, said PM Wong in a Facebook post.

The law targets those responsible for causing or condoning fires if the haze causes the PSI to stay in the unhealthy range in any part of Singapore for 24 hours or more – a threshold that has been breached several times this haze season.

Those found guilty can be fined up to $100,000 a day, capped at a total of $2 million.

According to an investigation by environmental group Greenpeace, two Singapore-listed palm oil companies, Bumitama Agri and First Resources, have been linked to plantation areas in Indonesia where fires and smoke were detected.

Another privately held company, First Borneo Plantations, which has ownership links to Singapore-incorporated companies, was also named in the Oct 5 report.

At a future date, PM.Haze and SG Climate Rally said they will consider, with legal advice, whether to support affected people and businesses in exploring civil claims under the Act.

This is because, under the Act, individuals or organisations can hold polluting companies accountable if they can prove that the haze led to injury or economic loss – if a sporting event had to be cancelled, for example.