How could the tunnels linking Singapore to Tekong be built?

David Ng, chairman of the Civil and Structural Engineering Technical Committee at the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, said tunnel boring involves launching a machine from a shaft on land, which will bore through rock or stiff clay roughly 15m to 30m beneath the sea floor.

For the immersed tunnel process, he said concrete tunnel elements will be constructed on dry land, before being brought out to sea to be connected.

These precast tunnels will be placed in a trench that will have to be dredged on the seabed. After the tunnels are in place, they will be covered with rock and sand.

Ng noted that while tunnel boring will allow shipping lanes in the Johor Strait to remain open, it is generally more expensive, and runs the risk of the boring machine getting stuck. The immersed tunnel method will at least partially block sea traffic in the Johor Strait while the tunnels are being installed.

Chew said the dredging required for the immersed tunnel process will have an environmental impact – something that is minimised with tunnel boring.

He said that while tunnel boring causes vibrations, these can be absorbed by the soft clay in the seabed, which helps to reduce effects on the surroundings.

What are the challenges of building tunnels under the sea?

A critical consideration for engineers is high hydrostatic pressure, said Audrey Tee, senior vice-president of civil and structural engineering at CPG Consultants.

This refers to the significant weight or force that is exerted on the body of seawater above the tunnels.

Tee said hydrostatic pressure affects tunnelling works, waterproofing, tunnel joints, cross passages between tunnels, as well as the connections between the tunnel and shafts.

She added that the tunnels cannot be too close to the seabed, as sufficient ground cover is needed to manage stability, hydrostatic pressure and the risk of the seabed shifting.

Chew said geological conditions in the ground between Changi and Pulau Tekong are another key consideration.

“The soil below the seabed is soft to start with, so that’s a concern,” he said.

“If we were to tunnel through rock, that would be relatively straightforward, but Changi to Tekong is different – the geological conditions are interesting. Beneath the seawater is a thick layer of soft clay and sediment, and then old alluvium that has the consistency of densely compacted sand, followed by granite.”

Chew said an added challenge is that interspersed in the layer of soft clay and sediment are pockets of paleochannel, or old streams that no longer carry water and have been buried by other sediments.

The old streams are likely more abundant near the mouth of a river where more deposits are found, he said, adding that they have a different consistency from the soft clay that surrounds them, which means engineers must navigate a drastic change in pressure if tunnelling works take place in this layer of the seabed.

The area where the tunnels are likely to be built is on the south-western end of Pulau Tekong, while the mouth of the Johor River is towards the island’s north.

“When you’re digging through soft clay, suddenly you will hit loose sand that shifts easily and the pressure faced will be very different. Clay is sticky but water will not flow too quickly around it. But when moving from clay into a paleochannel, that will cause problems,” Chew said.

Ng said that the long-term durability of undersea structure and future maintenance will have to be factored in, while Tee said other considerations include ventilation and fire safety, water proofing, flooding risk, as well as emergency escapes and evacuation routes.

Joanne Wong, a senior consultant for civil and structural engineering at CPG Consultants, said the planning and design for the tunnel will also have to factor in the effects of climate change.

“This includes accounting for projected sea-level rise and tidal surges, as well as coordinating the tunnel design with any associated coastal protection structures,” she said.

How have undersea tunnels been constructed overseas?

Chu Jian, President’s Chair in Civil Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, said several projects that are on a larger scale than the mainland-Tekong tunnels have been completed abroad using immersed tunnels, such as a 5.6km section of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and about 5km of the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link.

He added that Singapore’s project will likely be less complex, as the tunnels will be shorter, the waters here are shallower, and the seas are calmer.

Chew added that elsewhere, the Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link in Hong Kong has a 5km tunnel constructed by boring. He said the method was, notably, chosen over immersed tunnels owing to environmental concerns.

Also built using tunnel boring machines was the Channel Tunnel, a 50.45km-long connection between the United Kingdom and continental Europe.

How long is construction expected to take?

Based on Singapore’s experience with major tunnel projects, said Tee, construction could take about eight to 10 years.

“The actual duration would depend on the selected tunnelling method, geological and marine conditions, construction logistics, approvals and the overall project scope,” she said.