{"id":84222,"date":"2026-09-12T02:36:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-11T18:36:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/?p=84222"},"modified":"2026-09-12T02:36:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-11T18:36:01","slug":"how-singapores-legal-system-has-helped-shape-the-nation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/?p=84222","title":{"rendered":"How Singapore&#8217;s legal system has helped shape the nation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"text-primary article-summary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">What exactly is the Rule of Law?<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Stripped of its legal jargon, the Rule of Law is a set of enduring principles. That no one \u2013 not even the government \u2013 is above the law.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">That laws are clear, applied consistently and enforced by independent courts. And that, every person, whatever their status or means, is equal before the law and is entitled to a fair hearing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The Rule of Law is not an abstract ideal. It is what gives every citizen confidence that he or she will be treated fairly in court. It is what gives every business the assurance that a contract will be honoured. And it is what gives every investor certainty that the rules will not change overnight.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">For a small city-state with no natural resources, trust is everything.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"font-primary-headline-md-semibold\" data-testid=\"article-subhead-test-id\">The foundations of Singapore\u2019s legal system<\/h2>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Singapore inherited its modern legal system from the British. In 1826, the Second Charter of Justice established Singapore\u2019s modern legal and judicial system and, for the first time, a common body of law applied to everyone on the island \u2013 regardless of race, language or religion. It was a significant moment.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">But for much of the colonial era, the law was wielded less for the benefit of ordinary inhabitants than to advance the interests of empire and trade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\"><i>Click here to explore early milestones that helped lay the foundations of Singapore\u2019s legal system.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"responsive-iframe-base none ceros-experience\" title=\"ceros-wrapper\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/view.ceros.com\/spg\/minlaw-era1\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer;undefinedclipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share;\" loading=\"eager\" data-testid=\"responsiveIframe\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The legal systems gave merchants the legal certainty they needed to do business, and it helped grow revenue for the British colonial power \u2013 including through the licensing of opium sale for profit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The courts were largely the preserve of the wealthy. Social services were thin, and the police had limited ability to enforce laws and maintain stability for the population.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The focus of the legal system only began to change after independence.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"font-primary-headline-md-semibold\" data-testid=\"article-subhead-test-id\">Building trust, stability and prosperity<\/h2>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">When Singapore became a sovereign nation in 1965, its founding leaders \u2013 including Mr Lee Kuan Yew, who was a lawyer \u2013 recognised the Rule of Law as one of the most valuable legacies the British had left behind, even as they saw how it had to be reshaped to serve a new purpose: the pillar for Singapore\u2019s nation-building.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\"><i>Click here to explore key milestones that show how the law supported Singapore\u2019s nation-building.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"responsive-iframe-base none ceros-experience\" title=\"ceros-wrapper\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/view.ceros.com\/spg\/minlaw-era1b\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer;undefinedclipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share;\" loading=\"eager\" data-testid=\"responsiveIframe\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">To deliver on that promise, the young nation invested in strong legal institutions \u2013 the Judiciary, the Attorney-General\u2019s Chambers, and the Police \u2013 each tasked with applying the law firmly and fairly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The powers of the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau were also enhanced through the Prevention of Corruption Act in 1960, to stamp out corruption.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Clear and predictable rules, reliably enforced, gave businesses and investors the confidence to put down roots in an untested country.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The results were dramatic. In 1965, the average income per person was around US$500 (S$633). By 2024, it had climbed to more than US$75,000.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Just as important was safety and security. The Singapore of the 1950s and 1960s was crime-ridden and uneasy \u2013 plagued by secret societies and gang violence, and scarred by the racial riots of 1964 and 1969. The Rule of Law became the instrument for restoring order and binding a divided society together.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">To safeguard racial and religious harmony, equality was written into our Constitution, and the Presidential Council for Minority Rights was established in 1970.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act later provided further safeguards against conduct that could fracture the peace between faiths.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">To reduce crime, tough measures were introduced. The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act gave the authorities powers to clamp down on secret societies, while drug laws were tightened \u2013 including the introduction of the death penalty for serious drug trafficking in 1975.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The law also underpinned social policies that still shape the everyday life of ordinary Singaporeans.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Public housing was delivered through the Housing and Development Act; retirement savings through the Central Provident Fund; national defence through the Enlistment Act of 1970; and, in time, schooling for every child through a framework of compulsory education. Each policy was made real through law \u2013 and each remains woven into the fabric of our lives today.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"landscape inline-media-wrapper\" data-testid=\"inline-media-test-id\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-start relative w-fit\"><picture><source media=\"(max-width: 480px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/404a604769388ee6a18116c399f5f06440153ebbd71ed27780e5b82309118106?w=480\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 720px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/404a604769388ee6a18116c399f5f06440153ebbd71ed27780e5b82309118106?w=720\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 721px and max-width: 3999px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/404a604769388ee6a18116c399f5f06440153ebbd71ed27780e5b82309118106?w=900\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 4000px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/404a604769388ee6a18116c399f5f06440153ebbd71ed27780e5b82309118106\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/404a604769388ee6a18116c399f5f06440153ebbd71ed27780e5b82309118106\" alt=\"\" class=\"aspect-landscape flex items-start shrink-0 object-cover landscape article-landscape mobile:w-auto tablet:w-auto\" data-testid=\"image-test-id\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"mobile:mx-16 tablet:mx-00 pt-08 pb-16\">\n<p class=\"inline text-secondary font-secondary-captions-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"inline-media-caption-test-id\">In 1984, a resident holds an older view of Hong Lim area, since transformed by a hawker centre and high-rise public housing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"inline text-tertiary font-secondary-captions-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"inline-media-credit-test-id\"> <!-- -->PHOTO: SPH MEDIA<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The Rule of Law also shaped how the young nation took its place in the world. Joining the United Nations in 1965 brought Singapore into a rules-based international order in which disputes between states were to be settled by law rather than force \u2013 an existential matter for a small, open and trade-dependent country.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">And Singapore did not merely play by those rules; we helped write them.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Singaporeans such as Professor S Jayakumar, Professor Tommy Koh and then-Attorney-General Chao Hick Tin played a leading role in negotiating the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted in 1982, which set the legal framework governing the world\u2019s oceans and the vital shipping lanes on which Singapore\u2019s prosperity depends.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"font-primary-headline-md-semibold\" data-testid=\"article-subhead-test-id\">From nation-building to global relevance<\/h2>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">By the 1990s, Singapore\u2019s nation-building years were largely complete. The challenge had grown from simply holding a young country together to ensuring that the Rule of Law remained effective in a rapidly changing world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">As the economy became more globalised and society more complex, new demands were placed on the legal system.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\"><i>Click here to explore key milestones that helped establish Singapore as a trusted hub for international dispute resolution.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"responsive-iframe-base none ceros-experience\" title=\"ceros-wrapper\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/view.ceros.com\/spg\/minlaw-era2\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer;undefinedclipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share;\" loading=\"eager\" data-testid=\"responsiveIframe\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">One response was to build institutions that could support the growing volume of cross-border trade and investment flowing through the region.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Singapore\u2019s reputation for fair and impartial justice became an engine of growth in its own right. The Singapore International Arbitration Centre was established in 1991, offering the international business community an efficient and reliable venue for dispute resolution.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">This was followed by the opening of Maxwell Chambers in 2010 \u2013 the world\u2019s first integrated dispute resolution complex, the establishment of the Singapore International Mediation Centre in 2014, and the establishment of the Singapore International Commercial Court in 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Together, these institutions further cemented Singapore\u2019s reputation as a safe, stable and neutral venue for cross-border commercial disputes.<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"responsive-iframe-base none ceros-experience\" title=\"ceros-wrapper\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/view.ceros.com\/spg\/minlaw-lky-quote\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer;undefinedclipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share;\" loading=\"eager\" data-testid=\"responsiveIframe\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">A broader shift in thinking about dispute resolution was also underway. While courts remained essential in determining rights and obligations, increasing emphasis was placed on helping parties resolve conflicts through dialogue, compromise and mutual agreement \u2013 in ways that preserved relationships and produced lasting outcomes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Singapore\u2019s leadership in this field was recognised internationally when the United Nations adopted the Singapore Convention on Mediation in 2018, the first international convention to bear Singapore\u2019s name.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">This thinking extended beyond commercial disputes. The Community Mediation Centre was established in 1998 to help neighbours, families and members of the public settle disagreements amicably, while the Community Disputes Resolution Tribunals were introduced in 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">A similar shift was underway in criminal and family justice.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">In our criminal system, the focus increasingly extended beyond punishment towards rehabilitation and reintegration through initiatives like the Yellow Ribbon Project in 2004 and the introduction of community-based sentences in 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">In family justice, the establishment of the Family Justice Courts in 2014 and the recommendations by the Committee to Review and Enhance Reforms in the Family Justice System paved the way for the adoption of the Therapeutic Justice Model, a problem-solving and relationship-centred approach designed to help families resolve disputes while preserving family bonds.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"font-primary-headline-md-semibold\" data-testid=\"article-subhead-test-id\">Laws for a new era<\/h2>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">If earlier generations built and globalised Singapore\u2019s legal system, this generation faces a different task: keeping it relevant against challenges that move faster than ever before.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\"><i>Click here to find out more about how the Rule of Law continues to adapt to changing times.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"responsive-iframe-base none ceros-experience\" title=\"ceros-wrapper\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/view.ceros.com\/spg\/minlaw-era3\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer;undefinedclipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share;\" loading=\"eager\" data-testid=\"responsiveIframe\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">We entered the 2020s with an upheaval no one could have anticipated: the Covid-19 pandemic, which disrupted daily life, paralysed businesses and strained contractual relationships on a scale few had imagined.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Almost overnight, businesses could not honour their contracts and tenants could not pay their rent. The legal system had to respond quickly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Singapore passed the Covid-19 (Temporary Measures) Act within nine days, temporarily shielding individuals, families and businesses from legal action over rents, loans and contracts they could no longer meet, and allowing court hearings to continue online.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">It was a bold step \u2013 having the law reach into private contracts is not something any government does lightly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">As then-Minister for Law and Minister for Home Affairs K. Shanmugam SC explained, insisting on the strict letter of contract law in such an extraordinary moment would have undermined its very spirit: the trust on which all commerce depends.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Yet the relief was carefully bounded \u2013 available only where hardship was genuinely caused by the pandemic, and designed to lapse once the crisis passed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">A new, informal system of assessors was created so that thousands of ordinary people could resolve disputes quickly, without the cost and formality of court. The Rule of Law was used as a tool \u2013 firm, fair and focused on outcomes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">If the Covid-19 pandemic tested the legal system\u2019s ability to respond to crises, the digital age posed a different challenge: How do you govern risks that are evolving as quickly as the technology behind them?<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">As digital technologies transformed everyday life, new legislations were enacted to provide clear protections and safeguard public trust in an increasingly online world \u2013 from the Protection from Harassment Act to newer measures tackling online falsehoods, scams and abuse.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">In 2023, the Online Criminal Harms Act was passed, which enabled the Government to issue directions where there is a suspicion of online activity carried out in furtherance of an offence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">In 2025, the Online Safety (Relief and Accountability) Act 2025 was passed, establishing a dedicated Online Safety Commission with the power to issue directions to put a stop to specified online harms, giving victims timely and accessible relief.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Yet amid all these changes, one principle remained constant \u2013 that justice must be accessible to all, regardless of means.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The Legal Aid Bureau, now nearly seven decades old, has provided civil legal aid to thousands of people over the years.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">The establishment of the Public Defender\u2019s Office in 2022 further strengthened Singapore\u2019s criminal justice system by providing criminal legal aid to eligible accused persons who cannot afford a lawyer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Looking ahead, further headwinds are on the horizon. Geopolitical tensions, economic nationalism, climate change and the rise of AI, which has turbocharged online harms such as deepfakes and scams.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">In the face of these emerging challenges, the Rule of Law must evolve to remain meaningful and effective.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">Yet the core principles of the Rule of Law remain as relevant now as they were in Singapore\u2019s early years. Their endurance lies in their ability to adapt to changing times, to remain effective and meaningful.<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\">As Minister for Law, Edwin Tong SC, put it: \u201cToday, we look ahead, and think about the next Charter\u2026 keeping our laws up to date, meeting demands of the market, making sure that we evolve to remain relevant is a key feature of the Singapore justice system.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-primary font-tertiary-body-baseline-regular\" data-testid=\"article-paragraph-annotation-test-id\"><i>PHOTOS: SPH MEDIA, GETTY IMAGES, MINISTRY OF LAW, \u201cFROM FOUNDATION TO LEGACY: THE SECOND CHARTER OF JUSTICE\u201d BY JUSTICE ANDREW PHANG, LIM KHENG CHYE COLLECTION (COURTESY OF NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF SINGAPORE), UNITED NATIONS<\/i><\/p>\n<figure class=\"default inline-media-wrapper\" data-testid=\"inline-media-test-id\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-start relative w-fit\"><picture><source media=\"(max-width: 480px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/721fade0737a7f6acccbe594e4a604f1237b3ed6d5d52d8ab0cbae800bfb6889?w=480\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 720px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/721fade0737a7f6acccbe594e4a604f1237b3ed6d5d52d8ab0cbae800bfb6889?w=720\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 721px and max-width: 3999px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/721fade0737a7f6acccbe594e4a604f1237b3ed6d5d52d8ab0cbae800bfb6889?w=763\"\/><source media=\"(min-width: 4000px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/721fade0737a7f6acccbe594e4a604f1237b3ed6d5d52d8ab0cbae800bfb6889\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cassette.sphdigital.com.sg\/image\/straitstimes\/721fade0737a7f6acccbe594e4a604f1237b3ed6d5d52d8ab0cbae800bfb6889\" alt=\"\" class=\"aspect-default flex items-start shrink-0 object-cover default article-default mobile:w-auto tablet:w-auto\" data-testid=\"image-test-id\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<center><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/200-years-of-law-legal-system-helped-shape-the-nation-ministry-of-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read Full Article At Source <\/a><br \/>\n<center\/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What exactly is the Rule of Law? Stripped of its legal jargon, the Rule of Law is a set of enduring principles. That no one&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":84223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2611],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-84222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buzz-headlines","wpcat-2611-id"],"brizy_media":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=84222"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84222\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/84223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=84222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=84222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sgbuzz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=84222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}