\n<\/p>\n
Adam Oh is a prototypical Singaporean success story: he graduated from law school in 2024, secured a cushy job at a prestigious firm, and found a young woman<\/span> with whom he hoped to settle down. In his spare time, he does acrobatic parkour \u201cfree running.\u201d His life should be smooth sailing \u2014 at least, according to the many admirers on the Western Right of Singapore\u2019s technocratic, interventionist government. Some conservative thinkers place outsized emphasis<\/span> on material prosperity and societal order and are thus captivated by Singapore\u2019s <\/span>low crime rates<\/span><\/a> and high standard of living, which often <\/span>exceeds<\/span><\/a> that in Western Europe.<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n For many years, the Singapore model, combining technocratic managerialism and authoritarianism, seemed to be working. The city-state has become synonymous with immaculate streets, reliable public transportation infrastructure, efficiency in civil service administration, and the upholding of exacting standards in public education. But the model is now faltering, and Oh\u2019s tribulations trying to secure housing explain why.<\/span><\/p>\n Like most entry-level workers in Singapore, Oh turned to Singapore\u2019s public housing authority \u2014 touted as a <\/span>model system<\/span><\/a> throughout the world \u2014 shortly after graduation in search of a starter home. He dutifully applied for a built-to-order, or BTO, apartment. Such apartments range in size from roughly 400 to 1,200 square feet and come with a side of social engineering: they\u2019re reserved for singles who are over 35 or heterosexual couples who are married, providing an incentive to tie the knot young.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In other ways, they\u2019re less ideal. They cost hundreds of thousands of Singapore dollars (about $0.79 to the US dollar), and they can\u2019t be owned in perpetuity, but instead are <\/span>leased<\/span><\/a> from the government for 99 years. And they aren\u2019t <\/span>fitted with<\/span><\/a> faucets, water heaters, or bedroom and bathroom doors unless one opts into an Optional Component Scheme for BTO flats. To avoid this system and renovate one\u2019s home to one\u2019s tastes, tenants must select from a list of contractors <\/span>pre-approved by the government<\/span><\/a>. And to get one in the first place, they must survive a balloting process.<\/span><\/p>\n Oh was relatively lucky, and his application took only two ballot attempts, many reams of paperwork, and about five months. Many others are less so. Young Singaporeans have increasingly begun to <\/span>voice<\/span><\/a> their frustrations at the state of public housing.<\/span> Indeed, a TikTok <\/span>video<\/span><\/a> by a woman who had her ballots rejected 11 times recently went viral. The process was akin to a<\/span> bureaucratic Groundhog Day.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Once the euphoria of rapid success began to wane, Oh was confronted with the sobering reality that he would have to wait approximately <\/span>four<\/span><\/a> calendar years before he could finally move into his flat \u2014 by which time he would be 30. \u201cIt is quite absurd that the government expects young Singaporeans to start a family when many of us won\u2019t have a space to call our own before we hit our 30s,\u201d he says.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Given these predictable fruits of a managed economy, it is curious that the anti-democratic segment of the Right has developed a romantic <\/span>obsession<\/span><\/a> with Singapore\u2019s founding father, Lee Kuan Yew.<\/span> Lee served as Singapore\u2019s first prime minister from 1959 to 1990 and is <\/span>regarded<\/span><\/a> as having been pivotal to Singapore\u2019s remarkable ascent from a third-world backwater to a first-world metropolis. Anti-democratic blogger and software developer Curtis Yarvin,<\/span> who gained notoriety for advocating that states should be operated as for-profit corporations by CEO-monarchs, has celebrated Yew as a glittering example of a hegemonic figure who has developed an \u201c<\/span>effectively family-owned<\/span><\/a>\u201d state that <\/span>delivers<\/span><\/a> \u201ca very high quality of service to \u2026 citizens, with no meaningful democracy at all.\u201d Likewise, the far-Right philosopher<\/span> Nick Land <\/span>fawned over<\/span><\/a> him for being an \u201cautocratic enabler of freedom.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n For such figures, it\u2019s attractive that LKY, as he was known during his lifetime, was a vocal <\/span>skeptic<\/span><\/a> of mass democracy. One of his most famous coinages is: \u201cI have never believed that democracy brings progress. I know it to have brought regression.\u201d He openly employed <\/span>strongman rhetoric<\/span><\/a> \u2014 \u201cwhoever governs Singapore must have that iron in him or give it up!\u201d \u2014 and he has been a global icon of single-minded managerialism and a technocratic, top-down governance style.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n He has also embodied the principles of the Nazi legal theorist Carl Schmitt, a favorite of the autocratic Right, who posited the need for a decisive sovereign, unconstrained from acting above the law in times of crisis. Admirers might point to LKY\u2019s treatment of Catholic social workers in 1987 as an example. The workers were alleged to have been part of a \u201cMarxist conspiracy.\u201d LKY <\/span>weaponized<\/span><\/a> the Internal Security Act 1960 in order to detain them, and when the Singapore Court of Appeal struck down the order, the strongman reacted swiftly, mobilizing his People\u2019s Action Party-dominated Parliament to amend the constitution in order to <\/span>exclude<\/span><\/a> executive decisions under the Internal Security Act from judicial scrutiny. The detainees were released from prison but immediately <\/span>re-arrested<\/span><\/a> under the new laws. Whether the detainees posed a genuine threat remains contested, but for aficionados of strongman governance, Lee\u2019s willingness to repudiate judicial constraint is the Schmittian ideal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cLee was also a eugenicist, another pet cause of the contemporary Right.\u201d<\/p>\n There is a strong case to be made that this single-minded managerialism has led to contemporary Singapore\u2019s public housing crisis and its impending demographic collapse \u2014 global trends, to be sure, but which have unique local causes in Singapore.<\/span><\/p>\n After coming into power in the 1959 general election, LKY\u2019s People\u2019s Action Party launched an aggressive and utopian public-housing program designed to eradicate the slums and resettle dwellers in traditional communal \u201ckampong\u201d housing into the kind of modern apartments proper for an urban metropolis. When slum and kampong dwellers wished to stay where they were, LKY\u2019s government enacted the Land Acquisition Act 1966, giving itself indiscriminate power to <\/span>seize<\/span><\/a> any parcel of land for \u201cany public purpose.\u201d Government seizure itself was \u201cconclusive evidence that the land is needed for the purpose specified therein,\u201d according to a legal scholar <\/span>at the time<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Thanks to these reforms, by 1985, the government owned 76% of land (up from 31% in 1959), most of it purchased from private owners at below-market value. Yet this concentration of land in state hands did more than facilitate development. It also obliterated the feedback mechanisms that typically regulate a free market for housing, and all but eliminated the private market. Private developers are forced to purchase land from the government monopoly through expensive tenders. As such, the overwhelming majority of Singaporeans are consigned to living in public housing, with only the ultra-rich able to pay the high premiums it costs to afford private housing.<\/span><\/p>\n And public housing isn\u2019t as available as government rhetoric would indicate. In addition to winning the lottery in order to buy a BTO home in a new development, Singaporeans can theoretically take advantage of a \u201cresale\u201d market of existing housing, created by others selling their lease. However, the resale apartments, as they are called, are far more valuable than BTOs, since they are in \u201cmature\u201d estates that offer access to amenities like schools, polyclinics, shopping malls, and public transportation. Prices have become exorbitant, with a five-room flat recently selling for <\/span>over a million<\/span><\/a> Singapore dollars.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n As a result, prospective homeowners have been priced out of both the private and resale market. And while demand for BTOs has surged, supply hasn\u2019t adjusted organically, and instead Singapore faces a <\/span>chronic shortage<\/span><\/a> of houses. Though the government has vowed to address this by <\/span>committing<\/span><\/a> to the construction of 50,000 flats between 2025 and 2027, such measures only address supply-side problems. The government has left unaddressed the more fundamental concern that BTO flats \u2014 whose prices are <\/span>pegged to<\/span><\/a> the prices of resale flats \u2014 are becoming increasingly unaffordable for prospective homeowners. <\/span> It is true that many other developed cities are embroiled in housing crises of their own \u2014 crises that both private markets and governments might seek to address, if imperfectly. Singapore has virtually no private market, and its government option, far from solving the crisis, perpetuates it. The 99-year leases and resale options are supposed to allow the average Singaporean to <\/span>accumulate wealth<\/span><\/a> through homeownership for future retirement needs. And they have done so, but only for an elite few \u2014 and even then only after a long wait, as Oh\u2019s case demonstrates. The autocratic technocracy, supposedly so efficient, is providing neither the \u201chigh quality of life\u201d nor the \u201cfreedom\u201d it promises.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Lee was also a eugenicist, another pet cause of the contemporary Right.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Prior to 1969, abortion was almost fully <\/span>illegal<\/span><\/a> in Singapore. In 1969, Yew\u2019s government <\/span>enacted<\/span><\/a> the Abortion Act because the city-state could not \u201cafford to breed\u201d the handicapped or potential delinquents. The government also sought to curb population growth, and rolled out the <\/span>Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Act<\/span><\/a> 1966 which established a state-led program to promote smaller families, and the <\/span>Voluntary Sterilisation Act 1974<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>which incentivized permanent birth control, particularly among lower-income groups and those with disabilities. Its now-infamous \u201c<\/span>Stop-at-Two<\/span><\/a>\u201d policy imposed financial and social penalties on larger families, including reduced access to public housing, education priority, and other state benefits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n When the legislation led to lower-than-expected uptake, LKY\u2019s government further <\/span>liberalized<\/span><\/a> abortion restrictions, allowing women of any age, including minors, to terminate pregnancies of up to 18 weeks upon request. These innovations successfully created a dramatic <\/span>spike<\/span><\/a> in abortions and a successful suppression of the birth rate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Now, in 2025, Singapore is one of the many Asian countries facing a population collapse. The total fertility rate has fallen to a record-low of 0.87, and current Deputy Prime Minister Gan Kim Yong <\/span>has said<\/span><\/a> that by the 2040s, the state will have to import tens of thousands of immigrants to stem the tide. Again, this is a global trend, but in Singapore\u2019s case, it demonstrates the limitations of the supposedly omniscient technocratic vision.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The state\u2019s antinatalist policies were highly successful \u2014 but the government didn\u2019t predict a population collapse, and nor has it been successful in reversing the trend. A landmark 2005 <\/span>study<\/span><\/a> on the matter by professor and philanthropist Saw Swee Hock found that while the original policies were hugely influential, measures such as baby bonuses and paid childcare leave have been of \u201climited effectiveness\u201d \u2014 the antinatalist programming has gone too deep, and people prefer the new norm.<\/span><\/p>\n New Right types of an anti-humanist bent might note that population decline will eventually cure the housing crisis, and they might also believe that a state that suits only the elite is just fine. These are moral failures, of course, but they\u2019re also a justification in hindsight, not a strength of the autocratic model. Society is unpredictable, and the manager \u2014 even the very talented one \u2014 who believes himself capable of engineering its happiness has been proved, time and again, to fail. As a Singaporean, I hope my nation\u2019s crises will serve not as an inspiration, but a cautionary tale.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
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