\n<\/p>\n
Giving a lecture at an award ceremony at MIT Sloan on Tuesday (Dec 9), Mr Tharman cautioned against the \u201csystemic risk\u201d present when multiple advanced economies accumulate \u201chigher and higher debts because the markets give them the leeway to do so\u201d.<\/p>\n
He said this will lead to “systemic risk”, that is, \u201ca risk of global financial instability, because we know it can\u2019t last indefinitely,\u201d he added, noting that private companies that lend to governments are also often highly leveraged.<\/p>\n
\u201cNo one knows exactly where the limits will be, but it is clear that the debts cannot keep rising indefinitely without creating significant risks of financial instability,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
Even if it does not end in \u201ca sudden collapse\u201d of confidence in the system, it is \u201creasonable to assume\u201d that ever-increasing debts as a percentage of GDP will lead to an erosion of long-term growth and a gradual loss of trust in reserve currencies. Even if this does not trigger a major crisis, this will pose chronic global financial instability, Mr Tharman added.<\/p>\n
The largest challenges have yet to come, he said, noting the costs associated with ageing societies and climate change, as well as more advanced economies spending more <\/strong>on defence due to geopolitical fracturing and increased conflicts.<\/p>\n The closest historical precedent to this situation is the period after World War II, when most of the advanced countries apart from the United States started with very high debt-to-GDP ratios, but the solutions they adopted then are no longer feasible today, said Mr Tharman.<\/p>\n There is no realistic solution to putting government debts back on a sustainable track without adjustments to taxes and spending, he added, noting that both are \u201cvery likely\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cThis should not be simply a call for fiscal austerity. The challenge is to make these adjustments while repurposing fiscal policy more fundamentally: so that people can see that the adjustments are fairly distributed across society, can see the value in government spending that their taxes support, and so that the adjustments do not permanently reduce growth,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n \u201cBecause a sustained reduction in growth will make any form of social solidarity very difficult to achieve.\u201d<\/p>\n Mr Tharman highlighted three \u201creorientations\u201d needed in this repurposing of fiscal policy, which will make them more sustainable while addressing the needs of the poor and the middle class.<\/p>\n Spending must be refocused on public goods, not just on individual benefits, including public education, public healthcare systems and public transport, he said,<\/p>\n This is important because those who gain the most from access to high-quality public services and systems are the poor and middle-income groups, he added. This is also progressive and does not rely only on explicit transfers to individuals.<\/p>\n Research also shows that this breeds interaction across income groups and ethnic groups, which in turn promotes social mobility, Mr Tharman noted. \u201cIt is how you create a sense of community, how you create the social glue among people from very different backgrounds.\u201d<\/p>\n The focus should also be shifted from transfers aimed \u201cmainly at reducing inequality\u201d, toward public schemes and forms of risk sharing that relieve economic insecurities, or what the poor and broad middle class perceive as major concerns in their lives, he added.<\/p>\n Surveys show that people are more concerned about insecurities in their lives \u2013 jobs, housing, major health setbacks, retirement savings \u2013 than about inequality per se, said Mr Tharman.<\/p>\n Helping the public deal with these insecurities was \u201cat the heart\u201d of the original social democratic vision, he noted, adding that this original purpose has to be refreshed.<\/p>\n Focusing on economic insecurities, not only inequality, is also a progressive agenda because the people who will benefit the most from being relieved of these insecurities tend to be poorer, he added.<\/p>\n \u201cThey are the ones whose jobs are most precarious. They are the ones who, if they fall a step, can easily fall off the ladder of opportunity.\u201d<\/p>\n The third shift is to move away from a very heavy focus on managing the regular business cycle toward preserving the fiscal space needed to address major crises, said Mr Tharman.<\/p>\n In the last 20 years, the world has faced one major global financial crisis, two pandemics and several wars, he said, noting that more will come.<\/p>\n The economic news on \u201cany given day\u201d tends to focus on the latest small changes in GDP, inflation or unemployment, which reflects that treasuries, finance ministries and central banks are focused on \u201csmoothing the business cycle\u201d, said Mr Tharman.<\/p>\n \u201cBut there is a growing asymmetry. They try their best to prevent a downturn by engaging in stimulative macroeconomic policies. But when things recover, do not make up for it by consolidating policy,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n \u201cSo what we increasingly see is perpetually large budget deficits, and prolonged ease in monetary policy, that leaves very little space to address the major crises when they come.\u201d<\/p>\n It also leaves very little space to address longer-term challenges, including climate change, said Mr Tharman.<\/p>\n \u201cThese are inherently collective risks that must be addressed globally. They will require fiscal resources from every nation, with richer nations contributing their fair share,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n Co-director of MIT\u2019s GCFP and School of Management Professor Robert C. Merton said Mr Tharman combines \u201ca blend of remarkable expertise and profound empathy\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cHe has served in an incomparable array of senior governmental positions as an extraordinary leader with global influence,\u201d said Prof Merton in a press release when the award was announced last month.<\/p>\n \u201cAs president of Singapore, he carries not just the badge of the office, but a trust that comes from decades of service and a demonstrated concern for both the economy and the people. His journey shows that leadership can be about both structural vision and human connection.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\nREPURPOSING FISCAL POLICY<\/h2>\n